The global economy is treading between cautious optimism and persistent uncertainty, Ibec has said in its latest Global PulsePoint report.

The reintroduction of sweeping US tariffs has added a further layer of uncertainty to trade and investment flows, and while some bilateral deals have eased escalation, they have fallen short of delivering long-term certainty.

The OECD has maintained that global GDP growth will decline from 3.3 per cent in 2024 to 2.9 per cent in both 2025 and 2026, with growth the US (1.6 per cent), eurozone (one per cent) and UK (1.3 per cent) expected to be slower than average.

The IMF has urged long-term structural reform and fiscal resilience to restore confidence, and although supply chain diversification has helped capital resilience, it has not offset trade fragmentation.

Capital mobility remains strong, underpinned by ongoing supply chain reorientation and policy stability in some regions, offset by friction created by tariffs, which have pushed the world towards managed competition rather than multilateral consensus.

Foreign direct investment flows have been made uneven by political instability. The OECD reported subdued FDI in the EU while the US has held its position despite slowing inflows, and UK investment improved with macro stability.

China, meanwhile, saw continued retreat over concerns about market access and regulatory opacity. The macro environment increasingly favours jurisdictions offering regulatory clarity and trade predictability.

Inflation is stable across the US (2.7 per cent) and the eurozone (two per cent) and has risen in the UK (3.6 per cent), while China recorded deflation (-0.1 per cent) with underlying weakness in consumer demand.

Central banks in the EU (2.15 per cent), the US (4.25-4.5 per cent) and China (three per cent) held policy rates steady in July and August, while the Bank of England lowered rates to four per cent over concerns for the UK labour market.

Central banks must now balance domestic conditions against imported inflation and global supply uncertainty, signalling more cautious forward guidance into 2026, Ibec said.

Labour markets are stable overall with unemployment standing at 4.1 per cent in the US, 6.3 per cent in the eurozone, 4.7 per cent in the UK and 5.2 per cent in China, but show early signs of softening across Europe and Asia.

Productivity also continues to slow. The US leads the way at $81.8 per hour worked, driven by advances in automation and investment in workforce skills, ahead of the eurozone ($71.32), the UK ($69.49) and China ($19.77).

The eurozone and UK are blighted by structural inefficiencies and persistent stagnation tied to limited investment and economic uncertainty, respectively, while China's incremental progress is in spite of an ageing workforce and capital inefficiencies.

Bond and equity markets showed upward momentum, though investor sentiment remains sensitive to policy shifts.

"Despite the temporary easing of some trade tensions, the global system is transitioning into a structurally more fragmented environment," Ibec said.

"Business leaders will need to watch for ripple effects on investment flows, inflation patterns, and strategic risk calculations in the months ahead."

Looking ahead, Ibec said to watch out for renewed volatility as the US-China tariff pause comes to an end, and central bank synchronisation between regulators in developed and emerging markets slips.

The softening of labour markets in Europe and Asia could signal early demand-side pressure ahead of the fourth quarter, and greenfield FDI momentum suggesting long-term strategic repositioning continues despite uncertainty.

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